Ir. Soekarno

Ir. Sukarno was born in Blitar, East Java, June 6, 1901 (died in Jakarta on June 21, 1970 at the age of 69 years) is Indonesia's first president who served from 1945 to 1966 he played an important role to liberate the nation of Indonesia from Dutch colonialism. Sukarno's Pancasila because he is a digger who first sparked the basic concept of the Indonesian nation and he himself was named the Pancasila. He is an Indonesian Independence Proclaimers (along with Mohammad Hatta) which occurred on August 17, 1945.

Sukarno signed a Letter of Command March 11, 1966 Supersemar controversial, whose contents - based on the version issued by Army Headquarters - commissioned Lieutenant-General Suharto to secure and maintain the security of the state and the institution of the presidency. Supersemar be the basis of Lieutenant-General Suharto to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and replace the members who sit in parliament. After the answer denied liability Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) in the general assembly to four years in 1967, President Sukarno was dismissed from his post as president at the Special Meeting of the Consultative Assembly in the same year and appointed Soeharto as acting President of the Republic of Indonesia.

When born, Soekarno Kusno Sosrodihardjo given name by his parents. But because he is often hurt when he was five years old then it was renamed by her father, Sukarno. The name was taken from a warlord in the story of Bharata Yudha namely Karna. The name "Karna" to "Karno" because in the Java language the letter "a" changed to "o" while the prefix "su" means "good."

In later days when he became President, spelling her own name to be replaced Sukarno Sukarno because he thinks these names using spelling colonizers. He still uses the name of Sukarno in his signature because the signature is the signature contained in the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Text that should not be changed. The name is familiar to Soekarno, Bung Karno.

Childhood and adolescence

Sukarno was born with a father who named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo and his mother is Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. The two met when Raden Soekemi which is placed in an elementary school teacher Natives in Singaraja, Bali. Nyoman Rai is the royal line of Hindu Bali and Raden Soekemi own while Muslim. They already have a daughter named Sukarmini before Sukarno was born. When small Sukarno lived with his grandfather, Raden Hardjokromo in Tulung Agung, East Java.


He attended the first time in Tulung Agung until finally he moved to Mojokerto, following her parents who were assigned in the city. In Mojokerto, her father Sukarno to enter Eerste Inlandse School, the school where she worked. Then in June 1911 Sukarno moved to Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) to make it easier to be accepted in Hoogere Burger School (HBS). In 1915, Sukarno had completed his studies at ELS and managed to continue to HBS. in Surabaya, East Java. He can be accepted at HBS for the help of a friend of his father who named H.OS.. Tjokroaminoto. Tjokroaminot] even provide shelter for housing and residence Sukarno. In Surabaya, Sukarno many met with leaders of the SI, the organization that led Tjokroaminoto moment, like Alimin, Musso, Dharsono, Haji Agus Salim, and Abdul Muis. Sukarno then active in youth organizations Tri Koro Darmo formed as an organization of Budi Utomo. His organization's name was later changed to Jong Java (Java Youth) in 1918. In addition, Sukarno also writes the daily "Indian ambassadors" led by Tjokroaminoto.

Graduated from HBS in 1920, Sukarno continued to the Technische Hoge School (now ITB) in Bandung with a major in architecture and graduated in 1925. While in Bandung, Sukarno lived at the residence of Haji Sanusi who are members of the SI and Tjokroaminoto sidekick. There, he interacted with Ki Hajar Dewantara, Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then leader of the National Organization Indische Partij.

National Movement Period

In 1926, Sukarno founded in Bandung Study Club Algemene which is the result of inspiration from Dr. Indonesische Study Club. Descriptive. This organization became the forerunner to the Indonesian National Party which was founded in 1927. Sukarno's PNI activity causes arrest in the Netherlands in December 1929, and led to a phenomenal pledoinya: Indonesia sued, to be released again on December 31, 1931.

In July 1932, Sukarno joined the Party of Indonesia (Partindo), which is a fraction of the PNI. Sukarno re-arrested in August 1933, and exiled to Flores. Here, Sukarno was almost forgotten by the national leaders. But his spirit still burning as implied in every letter to a teacher named Ahmad Hasan Islamic Unity.
In the year 1938 until the year 1942 Sukarno was exiled to Bengkulu Province.
Soekarno new free return during the Japanese occupation in 1942.

Japanese colonial period

In the early Japanese colonial period (1942-1945), the Japanese government could not pay attention to the movement of Indonesian figures primarily to "secure" its presence in Indonesia. This is seen in the Movement 3A with the characters and Mr. Shimizu. Shamsuddin less so popular.

But finally, considering the Japanese occupation government and simultaneously take advantage of Indonesian leaders such as Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and other organizations within each agency and institution to attract the hearts of Indonesian population. Mentioned in various organizations such as Java Hokokai, Center for the People's Power (Putera), BPUPKI and PPKI, character figures like Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansyur and other cited and look so active. And finally the national leaders in cooperation with the occupation government to achieve the independence of Indonesia, although there is also an underground movement like Sutan Syahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin due regard

Japan is a dangerous fascist.
President Soekarno himself, during his opening address before the reading of the text of the proclamation of independence, saying that even though we cooperate with Japan in fact we believe and trust and rely on our own strength.

He is active in business preparation of Indonesia's independence, including the formulation of Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution and the fundamental basis of government of Indonesia, including formulating the text of the proclamation of Independence. He had been persuaded to step aside to Rengasdengklok Events Rengasdengklok.

In 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo ie inviting Indonesia Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo to Japan and received directly by the Emperor Hirohito. Even the emperor gave Star Empire (Holy Ratna) to three figures Indonesia. Star conferment was made the occupation government of Japan surprised, because it would mean that Indonesia is the third figure is considered the Japanese imperial family itself. In August 1945, he was invited by Marshal Terauchi, the Army leadership at the Dalat region of Vietnam who later declared that the proclamation of Indonesian independence is the business of the Indonesian people themselves.

But his involvement in organizational bodies formed by the Japanese make Sukarno was accused by the Dutch cooperated with the Japanese, among others, in the case romushas.

Revolutionary War

The living room is a safe house in Rengasdengklok Bung Karno.
Soekarno together national leaders began to prepare themselves ahead of the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing of Inquiry Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence BPUPKI Enterprises, subcommittee consisting of eight people (official), subcommittee consisting of nine persons / committee Nine (which produces the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia State founded based on Pancasila and the 1945
After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there Rengasdengklok event on August 16, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta was persuaded by the youth to get out to the dorm forces Rengasdengklok Map Defenders of the Fatherland. People who talk among other youth Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia soon, because in Indonesia there a vacuum of power. This is because the Japanese had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and leaders refused on the grounds waiting for clarity about the Japanese surrender. Another reason for growing is the right moment to Soekarno establish the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on August 17, 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month that is believed to be the revelation of the first month of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad that Qur'an al. On August 18, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 appointment as president and confirmed by the vice president on 19 September 1945 KNIP.Pada Sukarno's authority to resolve the incident without bloodshed Ikada Field, where 200 000 people in Jakarta would have clashed with Japanese troops who were fully armed.

At the time of arrival of the Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognized Indonesian sovereignty de facto, after meeting with President Sukarno. President Sukarno was also trying to resolve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to provocation that launched troops NICA (Netherlands) who hitchhike Allies. (Under UK) explodes Event 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby.

Because a lot of provocation in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually move the capital of the Republic of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by vice presidents and other senior state officials.

The position of President Sukarno by the 1945 Constitution is the position of President as head of government and heads of state (presidential / executive singles). During the revolution of independence, the system of government changed to semi-presidensiil/double executive. President Sukarno as head of state and Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice presidential edict No. X, and the government edict in November 1945 about a political party. This was taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.

Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution for independence, the position of President Sukarno is still most important, especially in the face of Madiun in 1948 as well as the Dutch Military Aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and several senior state officials arrested the Netherlands. Although the existing Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) with Prawiranegara Sjafruddin chairman, but in reality the international and domestic situation continued to recognize that the Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia, which is a real leader, only policies that can resolve disputes Indonesia-Netherlands.

Early independence

After the recognition of sovereignty (the Dutch Government states as the transfer of sovereignty), President Soekarno was appointed as President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed as prime minister of the RIS. Position: President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted to Mr. Assaat, which later became known as the Java-Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, due to the demands of all the Indonesian people who want to return to the unitary state, on August 17, 1950, USI re-transformed into the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno became President of RI. Mr. Assaat mandate as acting President of the Republic handed back to Ir. Sukarno. Officially, the position of President Sukarno was the constitutional president, but in fact government policy made after consultation with him.


Soekarno-Hatta Dwitunggal myth is quite popular and more powerful among the people compared to the prime minister head of government. Rise and fall of the cabinet is known as a "cabinet for the rest of corn" to make the President less trusting multiparty system, even calling it a "party system disease." Not infrequently, he also intervene to mediate the conflicts in the army which also affected the rise and fall of the cabinet. As events Event October 17, 1952 and among the Air Force.

President Soekarno also provides many ideas in the international world. Concern over the fate of the Asian-African nations, is still not free, yet have the right to determine their own fate, causing the president Sukarno, in 1955, took the initiative to convene the Asia-Africa Conference in Bandung, which produced the Ten Precepts. Known as the capital city of Bandung Asian-African. Inequality and conflict caused by "time bomb" left by the western countries who had been condemned imperialism and colonialism are still concerned, inequality and fears of nuclear war that changed the appearance of civilization, injustice international agencies in conflict resolution is also a concern. With President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan), U Nu, (Burma) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India) He has entered the Asian-African Conference that led to the Non-Aligned Movement. Thanks to their services, many Asian and African countries that won independence. But unfortunately, still many are also experiencing a prolonged conflict until today because of the injustice in the solution of the problem, which is still controlled by powerful countries or superpowers. Thanks to these services, many residents from the Asia-Africa that do not forgotten the Soekarno when remember or be familiar with Indonesia.


In order to run the foreign policy of free-active in the international world, President Sukarno visited many countries and met with state leaders. Among these are Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union), John Fitzgerald Kennedy (United States), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Mao Tse Tung (PRC).

Fall

Indonesia's political situation became uncertain after six generals were killed in the incident known as the September 30 Movement, or G30S in 1965. The real culprit of the incident is still a controversy even though the PKI accused of being involved in it. Then the mass of the WE (Indonesian Student Action Unit) and KAPI (Indonesian Student Action Unit) perform demonstrations and give Tri People's Demands (Tritura) one of which it requested that the PKI was dissolved. However, Sukarno refused to dissolve the PKI because it conflicts with the view Nasakom (Nationalism, Religion, Communism). Sukarno, who rejected membuabarkan attitude PKI then weaken his position in politics.


Five months later, issued Supersemar signed by Sukarno. The contents of that letter is the command to Lieutenant-General Suharto to take necessary measures to safeguard security and personal safety of the presidential administration. The letter was then used by Suharto, who has been appointed as Commander of the Army to disperse the PKI and declare it as a banned organization. Then MPRS decree was also issued two, namely TAP No. IX/1966 about the inaugural Supersemar into TAP and TAP MPRS No.. XV/1966 which provides assurance to the Supersemar for Suharto as the holder at any time become president if the president of his absence. Sukarno then bring accountability speech about his attitude toward the events in the General Assembly G30S-IV of the MPRS. The speech was titled "Nawaksara" and was read on June 22, 1966. MPRS then ask Sukarno to complement the speech. Speech "Complementary Nawaskara" was delivered by Sukarno on January 10, 1967 but was later rejected by the Consultative Assembly on February 16 the same year.


Until finally on February 20, 1967 Sukarno signed a Letter of Transfer of Power in the Merdeka Palace. With the signing of the letter to Soeharto's de facto head of government of Indonesia. After doing the Special Session of the MPR also revoke the power of President Sukarno, revoked the title Leader of the Revolution and appointed Soeharto as President until the next general election was held.